maps

maps

maps
Maps processing functions.
Module maps was introduced in OTP 17.0.

This module contains functions for maps processing. The Efficiency Guide contains a chapter that describes how to use maps efficiently.

Types

Pred = fun((Key, Value) -> boolean())
MapOrIter = #{Key => Value} | iterator(Key, Value)
Map = #{Key => Value}

Returns a map Map for which predicate Pred holds true in MapOrIter.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if MapOrIter is not a map or valid iterator, or with badarg if Pred is not a function of arity 2.

Example:

> M = #{a => 2, b => 3, c=> 4, "a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 4},
  Pred = fun(K,V) -> is_atom(K) andalso (V rem 2) =:= 0 end,
  maps:filter(Pred,M).
#{a => 2,c => 4}

Types

Fun = fun((Key, Value1) -> boolean() | {true, Value2})
MapOrIter = #{Key => Value1} | iterator(Key, Value1)
Map = #{Key => Value1 | Value2}

Returns a map Map that is the result of calling Fun(Key, Value1) for every Key to value Value1 association in MapOrIter in any order.

If Fun(Key, Value1) returns true, the association is copied to the result map. If it returns false, the association is not copied. If it returns {true, NewValue}, the value for Key is replaced with NewValueat this position is replaced in the result map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if MapOrIter is not a map or valid iterator, or with badarg if Fun is not a function of arity 2.

Example:

> Fun = fun(K,V) when is_atom(K) -> {true, V*2}; (_,V) -> (V rem 2) =:= 0 end,
  Map = #{k1 => 1, "k2" => 2, "k3" => 3},
  maps:filtermap(Fun,Map).
#{k1 => 2,"k2" => 2}

Types

Map = #{Key => Value, term() => term()}

Returns a tuple {ok, Value}, where Value is the value associated with Key, or error if no value is associated with Key in Map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{"hi" => 42},
  Key = "hi",
  maps:find(Key,Map).
{ok,42}

Types

Fun = fun((Key, Value, AccIn) -> AccOut)
Init = term()
Acc = AccOut
AccIn = Init | AccOut
MapOrIter = #{Key => Value} | iterator(Key, Value)

Calls F(Key, Value, AccIn) for every Key to value Value association in MapOrIter in any order. Function fun F/3 must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next successive call. This function returns the final value of the accumulator. The initial accumulator value Init is returned if the map is empty.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if MapOrIter is not a map or valid iterator, or with badarg if Fun is not a function of arity 3.

Example:

> Fun = fun(K,V,AccIn) when is_list(K) -> AccIn + V end,
  Map = #{"k1" => 1, "k2" => 2, "k3" => 3},
  maps:fold(Fun,0,Map).
6

Types

Fun = fun((Key, Value) -> term())
MapOrIter = #{Key => Value} | iterator(Key, Value)

Calls fun F(Key, Value) for every Key to value Value association in MapOrIter in any order.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if MapOrIter is not a map or valid iterator, or with badarg if Fun is not a function of arity 2.

Types

Keys = list()
Value = term()
Map = map()

Takes a list of keys and a value and builds a map where all keys point to the same value. The key can be in any order, and keys and value can be of any term.

Example:

> Keys = ["a", "b", "c"], maps:from_keys(Keys, ok).
#{"a" => ok,"b" => ok,"c" => ok}

Types

List = [{Key, Value}]
Key = Value = term()
Map = map()

Takes a list of key-value tuples elements and builds a map. The associations can be in any order, and both keys and values in the association can be of any term. If the same key appears more than once, the latter (right-most) value is used and the previous values are ignored.

Example:

> List = [{"a",ignored},{1337,"value two"},{42,value_three},{"a",1}],
  maps:from_list(List).
#{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1}

Types

Key = term()
Map = map()
Value = term()

Returns value Value associated with Key if Map contains Key.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map, or with a {badkey,Key} exception if no value is associated with Key.

Example:

> Key = 1337,
  Map = #{42 => value_two,1337 => "value one","a" => 1},
  maps:get(Key,Map).
"value one"

Types

Map = #{Key => Value, term() => term()}

Returns value Value associated with Key if Map contains Key. If no value is associated with Key, Default is returned.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{ key1 => val1, key2 => val2 }.
#{key1 => val1,key2 => val2}
> maps:get(key1, Map, "Default value").
val1
> maps:get(key3, Map, "Default value").
"Default value"

Types

Fun = fun((Elem :: T) -> Selected)
MapOut = #{Selected => List}
Selected = term()
List = [T]
T = term()

The result is a map where each key is given by Fun and each value is a list of elements. The order of elements within each list is preserved from the list.

Examples:

> maps:groups_from_list(fun(X) -> X rem 2 end, [1,2,3]).
#{0 => [2], 1 => [1, 3]}
> maps:groups_from_list(fun erlang:length/1, ["ant", "buffalo", "cat", "dingo"]).
#{3 => ["ant", "cat"], 5 => ["dingo"], 7 => ["buffalo"]}

Types

Fun = fun((Elem :: T) -> Key)
ValueFun = fun((Elem :: T) -> ValOut)
MapOut = #{Key := ListOut}
Key = ValOut = term()
List = [T]
ListOut = [ValOut]
T = term()

The result is a map where each key is given by Fun and each value is a list of elements given by the ValueFun. The order of elements within each list is preserved from the list.

Examples:

> maps:groups_from_list(fun(X) -> X rem 2 end, fun(X) -> X*X end, [1,2,3]).
#{0 => [4], 1 => [1, 9]}
> maps:groups_from_list(fun erlang:length/1, fun lists:reverse/1, ["ant", "buffalo", "cat", "dingo"]).
#{3 => ["tna","tac"],5 => ["ognid"],7 => ["olaffub"]}

Types

Map1 = #{Key => term()}
Map2 = #{term() => Value2}
Map3 = #{Key => Value2}

Intersects two maps into a single map Map3. If a key exists in both maps, the value in Map1 is superseded by the value in Map2.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 or Map2 is not a map.

Example:

> Map1 = #{a => "value_one", b => "value_two"},
  Map2 = #{a => 1, c => 2},
  maps:intersect(Map1,Map2).
#{a => 1}

Types

Map1 = #{Key => Value1}
Map2 = #{term() => Value2}
Combiner = fun((Key, Value1, Value2) -> CombineResult)
Map3 = #{Key => CombineResult}

Intersects two maps into a single map Map3. If a key exists in both maps, the value in Map1 is combined with the value in Map2 by the Combiner fun. When Combiner is applied the key that exists in both maps is the first parameter, the value from Map1 is the second parameter, and the value from Map2 is the third parameter.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 or Map2 is not a map. The call fails with a badarg exception if Combiner is not a fun that takes three arguments.

Example:

> Map1 = #{a => "value_one", b => "value_two"},
  Map2 = #{a => 1, c => 2},
  maps:intersect_with(fun(_Key, Value1, Value2) -> {Value1, Value2} end, Map1, Map2).
#{a => {"value_one",1}}

Types

Key = term()
Map = map()

Returns true if map Map contains Key and returns false if it does not contain the Key.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{"42" => value}.
#{"42" => value}
> maps:is_key("42",Map).
true
> maps:is_key(value,Map).
false

Types

Map = #{Key => Value}
Iterator = iterator(Key, Value)

Returns a map iterator Iterator that can be used by maps:next/1 to traverse the key-value associations in a map. When iterating over a map, the memory usage is guaranteed to be bounded no matter the size of the map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> M = #{ a => 1, b => 2 }.
#{a => 1,b => 2}
> I = maps:iterator(M), ok.
ok
> {K1, V1, I2} = maps:next(I), {K1, V1}.
{a,1}
> {K2, V2, I3} = maps:next(I2),{K2, V2}.
{b,2}
> maps:next(I3).
none

Types

Map = #{Key => term()}
Keys = [Key]

Returns a complete list of keys, in any order, which resides within Map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1},
  maps:keys(Map).
[42,1337,"a"]

Types

Fun = fun((Key, Value1) -> Value2)
MapOrIter = #{Key => Value1} | iterator(Key, Value1)
Map = #{Key => Value2}

Produces a new map Map by calling function fun F(Key, Value1) for every Key to value Value1 association in MapOrIter in any order. Function fun Fun/2 must return value Value2 to be associated with key Key for the new map Map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if MapOrIter is not a map or valid iterator, or with badarg if Fun is not a function of arity 2.

Example:

> Fun = fun(K,V1) when is_list(K) -> V1*2 end,
  Map = #{"k1" => 1, "k2" => 2, "k3" => 3},
  maps:map(Fun,Map).
#{"k1" => 2,"k2" => 4,"k3" => 6}

Types

Map1 = Map2 = Map3 = map()

Merges two maps into a single map Map3. If two keys exist in both maps, the value in Map1 is superseded by the value in Map2.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 or Map2 is not a map.

Example:

> Map1 = #{a => "value_one", b => "value_two"},
  Map2 = #{a => 1, c => 2},
  maps:merge(Map1,Map2).
#{a => 1,b => "value_two",c => 2}

Types

Map1 = #{Key1 => Value1}
Map2 = #{Key2 => Value2}
Combiner = fun((Key1, Value1, Value2) -> CombineResult)
Map3 = #{Key1 => CombineResult, Key1 => Value1, Key2 => Value2}

Merges two maps into a single map Map3. If a key exists in both maps, the value in Map1 is combined with the value in Map2 by the Combiner fun. When Combiner is applied the key that exists in both maps is the first parameter, the value from Map1 is the second parameter, and the value from Map2 is the third parameter.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 or Map2 is not a map. The call fails with a badarg exception if Combiner is not a fun that takes three arguments.

Example:

> Map1 = #{a => "value_one", b => "value_two"},
  Map2 = #{a => 1, c => 2},
  maps:merge_with(fun(_Key, Value1, Value2) -> {Value1, Value2} end, Map1, Map2).
#{a => {"value_one",1},b => "value_two",c => 2}

Types

Map = #{}

Returns a new empty map.

Example:

> maps:new().
#{}

Types

Iterator = NextIterator = iterator(Key, Value)

Returns the next key-value association in Iterator and a new iterator for the remaining associations in the iterator.

If there are no more associations in the iterator, none is returned.

Example:

> Map = #{a => 1, b => 2, c => 3}.
#{a => 1,b => 2,c => 3}
> I = maps:iterator(Map), ok.
ok
> {K1, V1, I1} = maps:next(I), {K1, V1}.
{a,1}
> {K2, V2, I2} = maps:next(I1), {K2, V2}.
{b,2}
> {K3, V3, I3} = maps:next(I2), {K3, V3}.
{c,3}
> maps:next(I3).
none

Types

Key = Value = term()
Map1 = Map2 = map()

Associates Key with value Value and inserts the association into map Map2. If key Key already exists in map Map1, the old associated value is replaced by value Value. The function returns a new map Map2 containing the new association and the old associations in Map1.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{"a" => 1}.
#{"a" => 1}
> maps:put("a", 42, Map).
#{"a" => 42}
> maps:put("b", 1337, Map).
#{"a" => 1,"b" => 1337}

Types

Key = term()
Map1 = Map2 = map()

Removes the Key, if it exists, and its associated value from Map1 and returns a new map Map2 without key Key.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{"a" => 1}.
#{"a" => 1}
> maps:remove("a",Map).
#{}
> maps:remove("b",Map).
#{"a" => 1}

Types

Map = map()

Returns the number of key-value associations in Map. This operation occurs in constant time.

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_two,1337 => "value one","a" => 1},
  maps:size(Map).
3

Types

Map1 = #{Key => Value, term() => term()}
Map2 = #{term() => term()}

The function removes the Key, if it exists, and its associated value from Map1 and returns a tuple with the removed Value and the new map Map2 without key Key. If the key does not exist error is returned.

The call will fail with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{"a" => "hello", "b" => "world"}.
#{"a" => "hello", "b" => "world"}
> maps:take("a",Map).
{"hello",#{"b" => "world"}}
> maps:take("does not exist",Map).
error

Types

Map = #{Key => Value}

Returns a list of pairs representing the key-value associations of Map, where the pairs [{K1,V1}, ..., {Kn,Vn}] are returned in arbitrary order.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1},
  maps:to_list(Map).
[{42,value_three},{1337,"value two"},{"a",1}]

Types

Map1 = #{Key := term(), term() => term()}
Map2 = #{Key := Value, term() => term()}

If Key exists in Map1, the old associated value is replaced by value Value. The function returns a new map Map2 containing the new associated value.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map1 is not a map, or with a {badkey,Key} exception if no value is associated with Key.

Example:

> Map = #{"a" => 1}.
#{"a" => 1}
> maps:update("a", 42, Map).
#{"a" => 42}

Types

Map1 = #{Key := Value1, term() => term()}
Map2 = #{Key := Value2, term() => term()}
Fun = fun((Value1) -> Value2)

Update a value in a Map1 associated with Key by calling Fun on the old value to get a new value. An exception {badkey,Key} is generated if Key is not present in the map.

Example:

> Map = #{"counter" => 1},
  Fun = fun(V) -> V + 1 end,
  maps:update_with("counter",Fun,Map).
#{"counter" => 2}

Types

Map1 = #{Key => Value1, term() => term()}
Map2 = #{Key := Value2 | Init, term() => term()}
Fun = fun((Value1) -> Value2)

Update a value in a Map1 associated with Key by calling Fun on the old value to get a new value. If Key is not present in Map1 then Init will be associated with Key.

Example:

> Map = #{"counter" => 1},
  Fun = fun(V) -> V + 1 end,
  maps:update_with("new counter",Fun,42,Map).
#{"counter" => 1,"new counter" => 42}

Types

Map = #{term() => Value}
Values = [Value]

Returns a complete list of values, in arbitrary order, contained in map Map.

The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1},
  maps:values(Map).
[value_three,"value two",1]

Types

Ks = [K]
Map1 = #{K => V, term() => term()}
Map2 = #{K => V}

Returns a new map Map2 with the keys K1 through Kn and their associated values from map Map1. Any key in Ks that does not exist in Map1 is ignored.

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1},
  Ks = ["a",42,"other key"],
  maps:with(Ks,Map).
#{42 => value_three,"a" => 1}

Types

Ks = [K]
Map1 = Map2 = map()
K = term()

Returns a new map Map2 without keys K1 through Kn and their associated values from map Map1. Any key in Ks that does not exist in Map1 is ignored

Example:

> Map = #{42 => value_three,1337 => "value two","a" => 1},
  Ks = ["a",42,"other key"],
  maps:without(Ks,Map).
#{1337 => "value two"}

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